The short version of albumin conjugate fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
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CJC-1295 belongs to a class of synthetic peptides modeled on growth hormone releasing hormone, a forty-four amino acid signal produced by the hypothalamus. The compound is built from the first twenty-nine residues of the natural sequence, with four substitutions introduced at positions 2, 8, 15 and 27. These changes were designed to slow enzymatic breakdown while preserving receptor activation. The result is a peptide that is shorter than native GHRH and considerably more resistant to ordinary clearance pathways in circulation.
Two related forms appear under the CJC-1295 name. The simpler analogue, commonly written as modified GRF(1-29), carries the four substitutions but no additional conjugation. The second form attaches a maleimidopropionic acid linker to a lysine residue, a modification frequently called the drug affinity complex. That linker reacts with the free thiol on serum albumin to form a covalent bond. Because albumin has a long residence time in blood, the conjugated peptide stays in circulation far longer than the unconjugated analogue.
The drug affinity complex is a maleimidopropionic acid group attached to a lysine side chain. It reacts with the free thiol of cysteine-34 on circulating albumin, forming a covalent bond. This conjugation keeps the peptide in the bloodstream and shields it from rapid renal filtration and proteolysis. Reported circulation half-lives for the albumin-bound form fall in the range of roughly six to nine days in early human studies.
Binding to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release. Because the peptide acts upstream of the pituitary, effects are mediated through endogenous growth hormone rather than direct receptor activation in peripheral tissues. Increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 are generally described as a downstream consequence. Most published human exposure data come from small early-stage studies, and the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic profile remains incompletely characterized.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, built on the 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) fragment. Four substitutions distinguish it from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes reduce enzymatic cleavage and extend the peptide's persistence in circulation. The compound is discussed in two forms, one carrying a drug affinity complex and one without it.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Peptide class | Synthetic GHRH analogue | Built on a 29 residue sequence |
| Primary target | GHRH receptor (GHRHR) | Class B G protein coupled receptor |
| Unconjugated half life | Minutes | Limited by protease degradation |
| Key modification | Four residue substitutions | Positions 2, 8, 15 and 27 |
| Common synonym | Modified GRF(1-29) | Usually denotes the form without DAC |
Studies in this area generally track growth hormone pulses, insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations, and occasionally body composition endpoints. Most published human data come from early, small trials, and questions about long-term effects remain open. Whether repeated exposure alters pituitary responsiveness over time is not settled. Analytical work relies on immunoassays for the hormones and on mass spectrometry for the peptide itself, because the two measurements answer different questions.
Binding of the peptide to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotrophs triggers a G protein coupled cascade that raises cyclic AMP and opens calcium channels. The result is greater secretion of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the peptide acts at the same receptor as the natural hypothalamic hormone, its effect is amplified pulse size rather than an entirely separate release pathway. Receptor binding alone does not determine the response, since somatostatin tone and other inputs modulate the final output.
The albumin-binding version stays in circulation for days, because covalent attachment to serum albumin shields the peptide from rapid filtration and degradation. Reported half-lives for this form fall in the range of several days. The version without the linker is cleared in minutes, with estimates often near thirty minutes in animal work. These figures come from small studies and vary with assay method, species, and route, so they are best read as approximate rather than fixed constants.
The attached maleimide group explains the unusual duration of the DAC version. After injection it reacts with the thiol of cysteine-34 on serum albumin, forming a stable covalent bond. The resulting conjugate is too large for rapid kidney filtration and is shielded from many peptidases. Reported half-lives for this form reach several days, whereas the version without the group is cleared in roughly half an hour. That gap is the main pharmacological difference between the two.
Downstream of growth hormone, the liver and other tissues increase production of insulin-like growth factor 1, a mediator of many growth-promoting effects. Studies have documented elevated levels of both hormones after dosing, and the rise from the long-acting form persists longer than that produced by shorter-acting analogues. What remains unclear is whether sustained elevation of these markers translates into meaningful clinical benefit, and whether prolonged exposure carries risks that short trials could not detect.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
In its bark an alkaloid is found which was given the name quebrachine. In 1914, two scientific papers claimed quebrachine was chemically identical to yohimbine. This was disputed, and the matter long remained in doubt. However, in 1972, Effler and Effler using modern analytical techniques, including mass spectrometry, UV absorption, IR absorption, and NMR, established that quebrachine and yohimbine are one and the same thing. They wrote: While it was almost unthinkable in 1914 ... that the same alkaloid was formed in [completely] different plants, recent studies have shown that this is certainly the case for indole alkaloids. The term 'quebrachine' may be used as a synonym for yohimbine. Strictly speaking, wrote George Barger, yohimbine should have been given the scientific name quebrachine, seeing that it was first isolated from the quebracho tree and first named in the scientific literature. However, the later work on P. yohimbe was better known.
electron transport in the mitochondrial ETC, by shuttling electrons from mitochondrial complexes like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), ubiquinone reductase (complex I), and succinate ubiquinone reductase (complex II), the fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids oxidation (through flavin-linked dehydrogenases) to ubiquinol–cytochrome-c reductase (complex III) of the ETC: CoQ10 participates in fatty acid and glucose metabolism by transferring electrons generated from the reduction of fatty acids and glucose to electron acceptors; antioxidant activity as a lipid-soluble antioxidant together with vitamin E, scavenging reactive oxygen species and protecting cells against oxidative stress, inhibiting the oxidation of proteins, DNA, and use of vitamin E.
He was succeeded by Robin Dutt, who himself left the club for Bayer Leverkusen in 2011. On 10 May 2009, Freiburg secured promotion into the Bundesliga once again, beating TuS Koblenz in an away game 5–2.
=== Direct printing === Two different methods for the direct application of indigo were developed in England in the 18th century and remained in use well into the 19th century. The first method, known as "pencil blue" because it was most often applied by pencil or brush, could be used to achieve dark hues. Arsenic trisulfide and a thickener were added to the indigo vat. The arsenic compound delayed the oxidation of the indigo long enough to paint the dye onto fabrics.
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In 2004, the US decided to grant Major non-NATO ally (MNNA) status to Pakistan. The US extended the MNNA strategic working relationship to India but the offer was turned down. After the September 11 attacks against the US in 2001, President George W. Bush collaborated closely with India in controlling and policing the strategically critical Indian Ocean sea lanes from the Suez Canal to Singapore.
== External links == Histology image: 21301loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Ultrastructure of the Cell: myelinated axon and Schwann cell" Histology image: 21401loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Ultrastructure of the Cell: arteriole and peripheral nerve" Histology image: 1_03 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Histology at University of California, Los Angeles Diagram at Howard University
=== Breed recognition === The Birman breed was first recognized in France by the Cat Club de France in 1925, the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFé) in 1949, in England by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) in 1966, and in United States by the CFA in 1967. The breed was also recognized by the Canadian Cat Association (CCA) and The International Cat Association (TICA) in 1979.
=== Ancient Greece and Rome === Lime (calcium oxide) was used on Crete and by the Ancient Greeks. There is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potsherds as an artificial pozzolan for hydraulic cement. Nobody knows who first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also: Pozzolanic reaction), but such concrete was used by the Greeks, specifically the Ancient Macedonians, and three centuries later on a large scale by Roman engineers.
== Chondrocyte Primary Culture == Chondrocytes can be prepared by sequential enzymatic digestion of cartilage with Pronase and Collagenase and cultured in DMEM-F12 cell culture media. Transplantation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes often leads to the formation of fibrous tissue formation. Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes in the 3-D system (spheroid culture) restore morphological and functional properties.
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Chattopadhyay, R., & Roy, S.* (2002) J Biol Chem, 277, 33641-7. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M203197200 Effect of phosphorylation on the structure and fold of transactivation domain of p53. Kar S., Sakaguchi, K., Shimohigashi, Y., Samaddar, S., Banerjee, R., Basu, G., Swaminathan, V., Kundu, TK., & Roy, S.* (2002) J Biol Chem, 277, 15579-85. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M106915200 Effect of osmolytes and chaperone-like action of P-protein on folding of nucleocapsid protein of Chandipura virus. Majumder A, Basak S, Raha T, Chowdhury SP, Chattopadhyay D, Roy S.* (2001) J Biol Chem. 276, 30948-55.https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M011705200 A "master" in base unpairing during isomerization of a promoter upon RNA polymerase binding. Lim, HM., Lee, HJ., Roy, S., & Adhya, S. (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci (U S A), 98, 14849-52. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.261517398 Damage-mediated phosphorylation of human p53 threonine 18 through a cascade mediated by a casein 1-like kinase. Effect on Mdm2 binding. Sakaguchi, K., Saito, S., Higashimoto, Y., Roy, S., Anderson, CW., & Appella, E. (2000) J Biol Chem, 275, 9278-83. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.13.9278 Interaction of Gal repressor with inducer and operator: induction of gal transcription from repressor-bound DNA. Chatterjee, S., Zhou, YN., Roy, S., & Adhya, S. (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA), 94 2957-2962. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.7.2957 A fluorescence anisotropy study of tetramer-dimer equilibrium of l-repressor and its implications for function.
The Arizona Thunder was a professional indoor soccer team based in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. In 1997, the team was a member of the Premier Soccer Alliance. In 1998, the alliance, with some additional teams, reconstituted itself as the World Indoor Soccer League (WISL). The Thunder continued to play in the WISL from 1998 to 2000. The team played in the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum. Many of the players grew up and played youth soccer in AZ including Randy Soderman, Rick Soderman, Jason Vanacour, Milo Iniguez, Mark Kerlin, Derick Brownell, Kenneth Wright (Thea), Sasha Hunter, Dave Cameron, Kevin Berry, Donny Gaillard, Greg Veatch along with many implants like Milos Tomic, Chris Sagar, Roger Salazar, Victor Gilgan,Chris Scotti, Tom Bratcher and the Dunn Brothers. Some games were televised on COX 9 In 1999 and in 2000. During the Thunder's three years in the WISL they averaged attendance of 4,261 fans per game.
== Administrative division == The Russian Empire divided the former territories of the Commonwealth it obtained (Rech Pospolitaya in Russian) by creating or enlarging the following guberniyas (Tsarist governorates, or provinces).
== Reactions == Anthranilic acid can be diazotized to give the diazonium cation [C6H4(CO2H)(N2)]+. This cation can be used to generate benzyne, dimerized to give diphenic acid, or undergo diazonium coupling reactions such as in the synthesis of methyl red. It reacts with phosgene to give isatoic anhydride, a versatile reagent. Chlorination of anthranilic acid gives the 2,4-dichloro derivative, which can undergo reductive coupling to form a biaryl compound.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The names are often used interchangeably in casual writing, but they are not strictly identical. Modified GRF(1-29) refers to the unconjugated analogue carrying only the four substitutions. The version sold as CJC-1295 with DAC includes the albumin binding linker and clears much more slowly.
DAC stands for drug affinity complex, a term describing the maleimidopropionic acid linker. This group forms a covalent bond with the cysteine residue on serum albumin after administration. The resulting adduct is what extends the circulating half life from minutes to days.
No. It is entirely synthetic and does not correspond to any known endogenous peptide. The design starts from human growth hormone releasing hormone and introduces deliberate substitutions. Any biological effect comes from mimicking the natural hormone at its receptor.
The two share the same 29-amino-acid backbone. CJC-1295 carries an additional albumin-binding moiety that markedly extends its residence time in circulation, while the form without that moiety clears faster. Literature sometimes applies the name loosely to either variant.