CJC-1295 comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Last reviewed on 2025-10-24. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Two related peptides circulate under the CJC-1295 label, and they differ mainly in how long they persist in circulation. The version carrying a drug affinity complex includes a maleimidopropionic acid linker that forms a covalent bond with serum albumin. The other version, usually written as modified GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29), lacks that linker and is cleared quickly. Mixing the two produces inconsistent readings of published half-life values, because the linker rather than the receptor-facing sequence drives most of the difference.
The core sequence keeps the receptor-binding region of GHRH while replacing four positions that are vulnerable to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and other proteases. Substitutions at positions 2, 8, 15, and 27 raise metabolic stability relative to the natural hormone. The N-terminal residues remain essential for activity, so changes there generally lower potency. Molecular weight sits near 3368 daltons for the tetrasubstituted analog without the linker, while the albumin-binding form is heavier because of the added maleimide group.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. Its sequence corresponds to the first twenty-nine residues of human GHRH, with four substitutions that slow enzymatic breakdown. Early descriptions placed the compound in research on growth hormone deficiency and related conditions, and later literature groups it with the long-acting GHRH analogs. The name appears in both laboratory and popular fitness writing, where it sometimes labels chemically different peptides.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Class | Synthetic peptide | GHRH receptor agonist |
| Sequence length | 29 amino acids | Derived from human GHRH |
| Molecular weight | About 3368 Da without linker | Albumin-binding form is heavier |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder | Common form for research reference material |
| Typical storage | -20 °C or below, desiccated | Protect powder from light and moisture |
Reconstitution is typically performed with sterile water or bacteriostatic water, added slowly against the vial wall. The resulting solution should be clear and colorless; cloudiness or visible particles suggest a problem with the material or the diluent. Once in solution, the peptide is less stable than the dry powder. Refrigerated storage at two to eight degrees Celsius is common for short-term holding, while freezing aliquots is described for longer periods.
Purity is most often assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, reported as a percentage of total peak area. Identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry, which yields a molecular ion consistent with the expected sequence. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping provide additional characterization. Reported purity values are method-dependent, so figures from different laboratories are not always directly comparable without details of column, gradient, and detection wavelength.
Reported half-lives differ widely between the two variants and between species. Values for the albumin-binding form are usually expressed in days, while the unconjugated form is measured in minutes to a few hours. Sampling schedules, assay sensitivity, and route of administration all influence the numbers, which limits direct comparison across studies. Whether sustained receptor occupancy produces different downstream effects from pulsatile stimulation remains an open question in the published work. Claims about relative potency should therefore be read alongside the specific study design that produced them.
Lyophilised powder is the usual supplied form. The material is hygroscopic, so vials are typically equilibrated to room temperature before opening in order to prevent condensation on the contents. Long-term storage is generally described at minus twenty degrees Celsius or colder, protected from light and moisture. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided because they promote aggregation and loss of soluble material. A reconstituted solution is considerably less stable than the dry powder and is normally kept refrigerated for short periods only.
Identity and purity are assessed mainly by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation resolves the target peptide from truncation products and from species carrying oxidised residues, while mass measurement confirms the expected molecular mass. Because the two common variants differ by roughly 280 daltons, a mass determination distinguishes them unambiguously. Purity is often quoted as a percentage of total peak area, although that figure depends on the detection wavelength and the integration method applied.
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is the standard tool for purity assessment. The technique separates the target peptide from truncated or modified byproducts. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular weight and supports sequence verification. Electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption are both used. Amino acid analysis provides an independent check on composition. Purity values are commonly reported as area percentage from the chromatogram. Residual trifluoroacetate and water content are also measured in many quality programs.
Batch-to-batch consistency depends on solid-phase peptide synthesis and subsequent purification. Coupling efficiency, resin choice, and cleavage conditions all affect the final profile. Counter-ion content and moisture can shift the apparent mass of a batch. Documentation typically includes a certificate of analysis with chromatograms and spectra. Independent verification by a second laboratory is sometimes requested. Whether a given certificate reflects the actual vial contents depends on chain of custody. Analytical methods themselves carry uncertainty that should be stated alongside results.
Lyophilized material is typically stored at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower. Keeping the vial dry and protected from light preserves peptide integrity. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can cause aggregation or loss of activity. Once dissolved, solutions are generally kept at two to eight degrees Celsius. Stability data for reconstituted solutions vary, and long-term behavior is not fully established. Working aliquots reduce the number of times a stock container is opened.
Binding to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release. Because the peptide acts upstream of the pituitary, effects are mediated through endogenous growth hormone rather than direct receptor activation in peripheral tissues. Increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 are generally described as a downstream consequence. Most published human exposure data come from small early-stage studies, and the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic profile remains incompletely characterized.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, built on the 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) fragment. Four substitutions distinguish it from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes reduce enzymatic cleavage and extend the peptide's persistence in circulation. The compound is discussed in two forms, one carrying a drug affinity complex and one without it.
=== Diagnostic biomarkers === Guidelines outlining requirements for inclusion of soluble biomarkers in osteoarthritis clinical trials were published in 2015, but there are no validated biomarkers used clinically to detect osteoarthritis, as of 2021. A 2015 systematic review of biomarkers for osteoarthritis, looking for molecules that could be used for risk assessments, found 37 different biochemical markers of bone and cartilage turnover in 25 publications. The strongest evidence was for urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen (uCTX-II) as a prognostic marker for knee osteoarthritis progression, and serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels as a prognostic marker for incidence of both knee and hip osteoarthritis. A review of biomarkers in hip osteoarthritis also found associations with uCTX-II. Procollagen type II C-terminal propeptide (PIICP) levels reflect type II collagen synthesis in body and within joint fluid PIICP levels can be used as a prognostic marker for early osteoarthritis.
Most organisms synthesize NAD+ from simple components. The specific set of reactions differs among organisms, but a common feature is the generation of quinolinic acid (QA) from an amino acid – either tryptophan (Trp) in animals and some bacteria, or aspartic acid (Asp) in some bacteria and plants. The quinolinic acid is converted to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) by transfer of a phosphoribose moiety. An adenylate moiety is then transferred to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Finally, the nicotinic acid moiety in NaAD is amidated to a nicotinamide (Nam) moiety, forming nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. In a further step, some NAD+ is converted into NADP+ by NAD+ kinase, which phosphorylates NAD+. In most organisms, this enzyme uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the source of the phosphate group, although several bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii, use inorganic polyphosphate as an alternative phosphoryl donor.
== Other animals == Other animals, including pigs. are susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. In dogs its inheritance is autosomal dominant. The syndrome has been reported in Pointers, Greyhounds, Labrador Retrievers, Saint Bernards, Springer Spaniels, Bichon Frises, Golden Retrievers, and Border Collies. In pigs its inheritance is autosomal recessive. In horses its inheritance is autosomal dominant, and most associated with the American Quarter Horse although it can occur in other breeds.
However, though the Huks fought the Japanese, they also "tried to thwart United States Army Forces in the Far East guerrillas", "therefore, they were considered disloyal and were not accorded U.S. recognition or benefits at the end of the war."
=== Skin === Deficiencies in vitamin A and retinoic acid have been linked to an increased susceptibility to skin infection and inflammation. Vitamin A appears to modulate the innate immune response and maintains homeostasis of epithelial tissues and mucosa through its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). As part of the innate immune system, toll-like receptors in skin cells respond to pathogens and cell damage by inducing a pro-inflammatory immune response which includes increased RA production. The epithelium of the skin encounters bacteria, fungi and viruses. Keratinocytes of the epidermal layer of the skin produce and secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Production of AMPs resistin and cathelicidin, are promoted by RA. Another way that vitamin A helps maintain a healthy skin and hair follicle microbiome, especially on the face, is by reduction of sebum secretion, which is a nutrient source for bacteria. Retinol is used topically, in often unregulated cosmetic applications, claiming to mitigate the visible effects of ageing on the skin. Clinical and histological improvement is observed, but is not maintained after application is discontinued. When applied topically there is very little systemic absorption through the skin. Retinol has been the subject of clinical studies regarding its ability to reduce fine wrinkles and roughness on the face and neck. All-trans retinol has been used in over-the-counter cosmetic products since 1984.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The three Western Allies retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole. Under the new arrangements, the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defence, pursuant to stationing and status-of-forces agreements. With the exception of 55,000 French troops, Allied forces were under NATO's joint defence command. (France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966.)
==== MeSH D12.776.624.664.520 – oncogene proteins, viral ==== MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.045 – adenovirus early proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.045.050 – adenovirus E1 proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.045.050.100 – adenovirus E1A proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.045.050.110 – adenovirus E1B proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.045.060 – adenovirus e2 proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.045.070 – adenovirus e3 proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.045.080 – adenovirus e4 proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.090 – antigens, polyomavirus transforming MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.420 – papillomavirus e7 proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750 – retroviridae proteins, oncogenic MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.320 – fusion proteins, gag-onc MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.320.700 – oncogene protein p65(gag-jun) MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.470 – gene products, rex MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.480 – gene products, tax MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.650 – oncogene protein gp140(v-fms) MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.710 – oncogene protein p21(ras) MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.750 – oncogene protein p55(v-myc) MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.760 – oncogene protein pp60(v-src) MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.788 – oncogene protein v-akt MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.817 – oncogene protein v-cbl MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.846 – oncogene protein v-crk MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.860 – oncogene protein v-maf MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.875 – oncogene proteins v-abl MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.882 – oncogene proteins v-erba MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.883 – oncogene proteins v-erbb MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.887 – oncogene proteins v-fos MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.900 – oncogene proteins v-mos MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.903 – oncogene proteins v-myb MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.920 – oncogene proteins v-raf MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.925 – oncogene proteins v-rel MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750.935 – oncogene proteins v-sis
== History == Flutamide was first synthesized in 1967 by Neri and colleagues at Schering Plough Corporation. It was originally synthesized as a bacteriostatic agent, but was subsequently, and serendipitously found to possess antiandrogen activity. The code name of flutamide during development was SCH-13521. Clinical research of the medication began in 1971, and it was first marketed in 1983, specifically in Chile under the brand name Drogenil and in West Germany under the brand name Flugerel. Flutamide was not introduced in the United States until 1989; it was specifically approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer in combination with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue. The medication was first studied for the treatment of hirsutism in women in 1989. It was the first "pure antiandrogen" to be studied in the treatment of hirsutism. Flutamide was the first NSAA to be introduced, and was followed by nilutamide in 1989 and then bicalutamide in 1995.
== Historical timeline == 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers X-rays ("bremsstrahlung", from German for radiation produced by deceleration) 1896 Antoine Henri Becquerel discovers natural radioactivity; Minck proposes the therapeutic use 1904 Samuel Prescott describes the bactericide effects Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 1906 Appleby & Banks: UK patent to use radioactive isotopes to irradiate particulate food in a flowing bed 1918 Gillett: U.S. Patent to use X-rays for the preservation of food 1921 Schwartz describes the elimination of Trichinella from food 1930 Wuest: French patent on food irradiation 1943 MIT becomes active in the field of food preservation for the U.S. Army 1951 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission begins to co-ordinate national research activities 1958 World first commercial food irradiation (spices) at Stuttgart, Germany 1963 FDA approves food irradiation. NASA begins irradiating astronaut food items to prevent food borne illness during space missions.
In advanced cases, bulging of the cornea can result in a localized rupture of Descemet's membrane, an inner layer of the cornea. Aqueous humor from the eye's anterior chamber seeps into the cornea before Descemet's membrane reseals. The patient experiences pain and a sudden severe clouding of vision, with the cornea taking on a translucent milky-white appearance known as a corneal hydrops. Although disconcerting to the patient, the effect is normally temporary and after a period of six to eight weeks, the cornea usually returns to its former transparency. The recovery can be aided nonsurgically by bandaging with an osmotic saline solution. Although a hydrops usually causes increased scarring of the cornea, occasionally it will benefit a patient by creating a flatter cone, aiding the fitting of contact lenses. Corneal transplantation is not usually indicated during corneal hydrops.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Pathophysiology == Following a meal, glucose concentration in the bloodstream rises, providing a stimulus for insulin secretion. Autoantibodies bind to these insulin molecules, rendering them unable to exert their effects. The resultant hyperglycemia promotes further insulin release. As glucose concentration eventually falls, insulin secretion also subsides, and the total insulin level decreases. Now insulin molecules spontaneously dissociate from the autoantibodies, giving rise to a raised free insulin level inappropriate for the glucose concentration, causing hypoglycemia.
(WINNER) The contestant won the whole competition. ‡ The contestant won the Pre-Heat challenge. (WIN) The contestant won the Main Heat challenge. (HIGH) The contestant had one of the best dishes for that week. (IN) The contestant performed well enough to move on to the next week. (LOW) The contestant had one of the bottom dishes for that week, but was not eliminated. (OUT) The contestant was eliminated for worst dish. (WDR) The contestant voluntarily left the competition.
== Education and career == Nguyen received an undergraduate degree in chemistry from Imperial College London, followed by a master's degree in health policy, planning and finance London School of Economics and from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). She worked for the World Health Organization where she conducted research on medical policies. Between 1999 and 2010, she worked at GlaxoSmithKline and led the development of policies on access to medications and vaccines in the developing world. She joined Gavi in 2011, where she worked find ways to support financially sustainable vaccine programs and markets, and notably worked on strategies to supply Ebola vaccines and HPV vaccines against cervical cancer to developing countries. In October 2020, she was appointed managing director of the Office of the COVAX Facility. In 2021, Nguyen was selected as a Bloomberg New Economy Catalyst. As part of the program, Aurelia attended the annual New Economy Forum held in Singapore, and the Bloomberg New Economy Catalyst Retreat that same year.
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q9UBU3 (Human Appetite-regulating hormone) at the PDBe-KB. Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q9EQX0 (Mouse Appetite-regulating hormone) at the PDBe-KB.
== Society and culture == It is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Cipla, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories and Sun Pharmaceutical. The discovery of the drug's utility in restless legs syndrome has been used as an example of successful drug repurposing.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Natural GHRH is degraded quickly by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and related enzymes, giving it a half-life measured in minutes. CJC-1295 carries substitutions that slow that breakdown, so it stays intact longer. Both act at the same pituitary receptor and produce the same class of signal.
The label was first attached to the albumin-binding form during early development work. A shorter analog without the linker later became known by the same name in informal use. Published papers normally state which version was studied, so the methods section resolves the ambiguity.
It is a synthetic peptide rather than a steroid, and it does not occur naturally in the body. Its sequence is derived from a hypothalamic hormone called growth hormone-releasing hormone. It works as a receptor agonist rather than as a replacement for that hormone.
No. It is a synthetic analogue modeled on the first 29 residues of human GHRH. The substitutions and any linker are laboratory modifications rather than features of the endogenous peptide.